Invented 30 years ago, the atomic force microscope has been a major driver of nanotechnology, ranging from atomic-scale imaging to its latest applications in manipulating individual molecules, ...

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has established itself as a decisive tool for probing nanoscale interactions, particularly adhesion forces and capillary phenomena. A precise understanding of these ...

Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) has evolved into a central technique in nanotechnology, providing three-dimensional imaging and precise measurements at the atomic scale. Its ability to probe surfaces by ...

Force spectroscopy relies on the precise measurement of forces acting on a probe as it interacts with a sample. The key principles of force spectroscopy include: AFM-based force spectroscopy is the ...

A further development in atomic force microscopy now makes it possible to simultaneously image the height profile of nanometer-fine structures as well as the electric current and the frictional force ...

Anyone who has ever taken the time to critically examine a walnut knows that a two-dimensional photograph fails in many respects to truly convey the unique features--the nicks, crannies, valleys, and ...

The developed high-speed three-dimensional scanning force microscopy enabled the measurement of 3D force distribution at solid-liquid interfaces at 1.6 s/3D image. With this technique, 3D hydration ...

In July 1985, three physicists—Gerd Binnig of the IBM Zurich Research Laboratory, Christoph Gerber of the University of Basel, and Calvin Quate of Stanford University—puzzled over a problem while ...

Christoph Gerber, who co-invented the atomic force microscope, tells Matthew Chalmers how the AFM came about 30 years ago and why it continues to shape research at the nanoscale Nano-vision Christoph ...

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a method of topographical measurement, wherein a fine probe is raster scanned over a material, and the minute variation in probe height is interpreted by laser ...

Over the last century, humans have experienced multiple severe viral outbreaks, including the Spanish flu and other influenza epidemics, HIV, SARS-CoV, MERS, Ebola, and the recent SARS-CoV2 pandemic.