Variable frequency drives (VFDs), also known as variable speed drives (VSDs), are used to modulate the speed of motors in various applications, from hydronic water pumping to VAV fan units to vacuum ...

In general, the energy consumption of commercial HVAC systems represents a significant portion of the overall building energy consumption. Within an HVAC system, typically, the chilled water and ...

In a power plant, the primary use of vacuum systems is to remove air and other noncondensable gases from the shell side of the condenser in order to maintain design heat transfer and thus design ...