Risk aversion is a fundamental trait shaping how individuals, firms and policymakers respond to uncertain outcomes. It encapsulates the preference for certain outcomes over gambles with equivalent ...

Reinforcement learning frames trading as a sequential decision-making problem, where an agent observes market conditions, ...

Often we confront risks: opportunities where we have some probability of gaining or losing something and have to decide whether or not to accept the opportunity. The simplest risks are financial. For ...

Given the choice, most of us would rather avoid a loss than reap a reward. This can help us avoid making expensive mistakes, but it can also make us risk averse and prevent us from taking advantage of ...