Various sources in the literature claim that the deduction theorem does not hold for normal modal or epistemic logic, whereas others present versions of the deduction theorem for several normal modal ...

Journal of Philosophical Logic, Vol. 44, No. 3 (June 2015), pp. 237-258 (22 pages) Harold Hodes in [1] introduces an extension of first-order modal logic featuring a backtracking operator, and ...

Mastering the art of deduction was once thought to be a singularly human skill, but research has since shown that animals, including chimpanzees, birds, rats, fish and geese, are capable of using a ...

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Logical reasoning is complex behaviour, and has often been thought to be limited to animals that have complex nervous systems. But a new study shows that wasps can use a kind of logical deduction, the ...