Snake and eel bodies are elongated, slender and flexible in all three dimensions. This striking body plan has evolved many times independently in the more than 500 million years of vertebrate animals ...

Study design: A theoretical model of spinal stability is proposed. Objective: To present a biomechanical study in vitro using flexibility and loading tests of the normal lumbar spine and of two lumbar ...

For decades, scientists believed that a spine with multiple segments was an exclusive feature of land-dwelling animals. But the discovery of the same anatomical feature in a 345-million-year-old eel ...

IT is now nearly forty years since Dr. Gadow and Miss Abbott published their well-known paper on “The Evolution of the Vertebral Columns” in the Philosophical Transactions of 1895-96, the first ...